Uitgangsvraag
Welke psychosociale of psychologische interventies, lichttherapie of psychofarmaca zijn werkzaam bij geagiteerd gedrag bij mensen met dementie?
Deze uitgangsvraag is verdeeld in de volgende twee subvragen, waarvan de eerste in deze module (6-a) en de tweede in module 6-b aan de orde komt:
- Welke psychosociale of psychologische interventies, lichttherapie of psychofarmaca zijn werkzaam bij geagiteerd gedrag (waaronder agressie) bij mensen met dementie?
- Welke psychosociale of psychologische interventies, lichttherapie of psychofarmaca zijn werkzaam bij nachtelijke onrust bij mensen met dementie?
Aanleiding
Geagiteerd gedrag is een paraplubegrip voor verschillende soorten rusteloos of prikkelbaar gedrag. Het kan globaal worden onderverdeeld langs de gedragsdimensies verbaal versus fysiek en niet-agressief versus agressief (Rabinowitz, 2005). Zo krijgen we verbaal niet-agressief geagiteerd gedrag (zoals zinnen of vragen herhalen, roepen, repetitieve geluiden maken), fysiek niet-agressief geagiteerd gedrag (zoals doelloos rondlopen of andere vormen van motorische rusteloosheid), verbaal agressief geagiteerd gedrag (zoals schelden) en tenslotte fysiek agressief geagiteerd gedrag (zoals hard vastpakken, slaan, spugen, duwen of trappen). Als geagiteerd gedrag zich voordoet in de nacht, wordt veelal gesproken van nachtelijke onrust (zie hoofdstuk 6-b).
Geagiteerd gedrag bij mensen met dementie kan samenhangen met vele factoren, zoals de aard en ernst van dementie, met pijn of fysiek ongemak, delier, psychose, angst of depressie. Ook onvoldoende aansluiting van sociale en fysieke omgevingsfactoren bij de specifieke individuele behoeften kan een rol spelen, zoals sociale isolatie of juist gebrek aan privacy, dagstructuur, dosering van prikkels en bejegening.
Agitatie is verbonden met een lagere kwaliteit van leven, meer voorschrijven van psychofarmaca, meer inzet van vrijheidsbeperkende maatregelen en een grotere belasting van zorgverleners en verwanten.
Aanbevelingen
- Doe een zorgvuldige multidisciplinaire probleemanalyse bij mensen met dementie en geagiteerd gedrag en stem de interventie hierop af.
- Geef psycho-educatie aan mensen met dementie en geagiteerd gedrag, aan hun naasten en aan zorgverleners.
- Maak bij geagiteerd gedrag bij mensen met dementie een op de persoon en de analyse/hypothese afgestemd interventieplan, gericht op concreet doelgedrag dat ook wordt geregistreerd.
- Overweeg als mogelijke onderdelen van een individueel interventieplan:
- activiteiten die aansluiten bij deze persoon met dementie en die positieve reacties teweeg brengen;
- muziekinterventies;
- auditieve prikkels via een koptelefoon, zoals gesimuleerde aanwezigheid van naasten;
- tactiele prikkels, zoals handmassage, acupressuur en aanraking (‘therapeutic touch’);
- snoezelen;
- aromatherapie met citroenmelisse;
- een op de persoon afgestemd uitgebalanceerd schema van inspanning en rust. - Stel de hypothese of interventies telkens bij. Bied ondersteuning bij het uitvoeren van dit plan aan mantelzorgers en professionele zorgmedewerkers.
- Gebruik geen lichttherapie voor geagiteerd gedrag bij mensen met dementie.
- Wanneer een medicamenteuze behandeling noodzakelijk is bij mensen met geagiteerd of agressief gedrag en dementie, gebruik dan haloperidol (startdosering 0,5 mg; maximale dosering, 3mg; probeer uiterlijk na drie maanden af te bouwen). Indien sprak is van agressie kan risperidon als middel van tweede keuze ingezet worden. Wees alert op bijwerkingen.
- Gebruik geen antidepressiva, anti-epileptica of antidementiemiddelen voor geagiteerd gedrag bij mensen met dementie.
Voor de doseringstabel van de medicatie verwijzen we naar module doseringstabel psychofarmaca
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